Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk
Reduced bone density increasing fracture risk, usually progressing without symptoms.
Osteoporosis is a reduction in bone density and in the structural quality of bone, which makes the skeleton fragile. Because it progresses without pain, the first sign is often a fracture — most commonly of the wrist, spine or hip.
Why It Matters
Osteoporosis itself does not cause pain; the problem is that fractures occur after low-energy trauma, such as a simple fall at home. In later life a hip fracture can have serious consequences because of the risks associated with immobility. Vertebral compression fractures may present as loss of height and a stooped posture.
Risk Factors
- Advanced age and the post-menopausal period
- A family history of hip fracture
- Low body weight and a sedentary lifestyle
- Smoking and excessive alcohol intake
- Vitamin D and calcium deficiency
- Long-term corticosteroid use, thyroid and inflammatory diseases
- A previous low-energy fracture
Diagnosis and Prevention
Diagnosis is made with bone density measurement (DEXA), supported by blood tests assessing vitamin D, calcium and conditions affecting bone metabolism.
- Vitamin D and calcium optimised under medical supervision
- Walking, weight-bearing exercise and balance training
- Stopping smoking
- Home safety: removing loose rugs, grab rails in the bathroom, night lighting
- Reviewing vision and medications that may cause dizziness
- Bone-protective treatment where indicated
A previous fracture is an important predictor of a second one, so bone health should be assessed alongside fracture treatment.
If you are post-menopausal, have a family history of hip fracture, or have sustained a low-energy fracture, arrange a bone density assessment.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does osteoporosis cause pain?
Osteoporosis itself is generally painless. Pain arises from fractures, which is why the diagnosis is often made after one has occurred.
Is drinking milk enough?
Calcium alone is not sufficient. Vitamin D levels, regular exercise, stopping smoking and reducing the risk of falls all need to be addressed together.
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